Copper Facts – Cu or Atomic Number 29

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Copper Facts
Copper is atomic number 29 with element symbol Cu.
Copper is atomic number 29 with element symbol Cu.

Copper is a reddish transition metal with atomic number 29 and element symbol Cu. The element symbol comes from the Latin name for the element, cuprum. Copper is one of the elements you encounter in nearly pure form in daily life in wire and pipes. These copper facts include chemical and physical data, general information, and trivia.

Basic Copper Facts

Name: Copper

Atomic Number: 29

Element Symbol: Cu

Atomic Mass: 63.546(3)

Group: 11

Period: 4

Block: d-block

Element Family: Transition Metal

Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s1

Discovery: The first known use of copper dates back to 9000 BC in the Middle East. This is because the element sometimes occurs naturally in relatively pure form. The only metals used by man earlier than copper were gold and meteoric iron.

Name Origin: The name “copper” is a corrupted form of the Latin word “cuprum,” which is in turn a corrupted form of the name “aes cyprium.” Aes cyprium means “metal of Cyprus” and refers to Roman copper mining on the island of Cyprus. The modern name for the element first came into use around 1530.

Isotopes: There are 29 isotopes of copper. Only copper-63 and copper-65 are stable, with copper-63 accounting for about 69% of the naturally occurring element. The other isotopes are radioactive.

Biological Role and Toxicity: Copper is an essential trace element in all living organisms. It plays a crucial role in enzymes, such as cytochrome c oxidase and superoxide dismutase. It is essential in hemoglobin and collagen formation. Copper deficiency causes anemia, neutropenia, and osteoporosis. While copper poisoning is rare, it causes liver and kidney damage and gastrointestinal distress. Copper is toxic to invertebrates and algae.

Physical Data

Density: 8.96 g/cm3

Melting Point: 1357.77 K ​(1084.62 °C, ​1984.32 °F)

Boiling Point: 2835 K ​(2562 °C, ​4643 °F)

State at 20ºC: Solid

Heat of Fusion: 13.26 kJ/mol

Heat of Vaporization: 300.4 kJ/mol

Molar Heat Capacity: 24.440 J/(mol·K)

Magnetic Ordering: Diamagnetic

Crystal Structure: Face-centered cubic (fcc)

Mohs Hardness: 3.0

Atomic Data

Copper atom
Electron shell configuration for copper.

Electronegativity: 1.90 (Pauling Scale)

Atomic Radius: 128 pm (empirical data)

Covalent Radius: 132±4 pm

Electron Affinity: 140 pm

1st Ionization Energy: 745.5 kJ/mol

2nd Ionization Energy: 1957.9 kJ/mol

3rd Ionization Energy: 3555 kJ/mol

Oxidation States: The most common oxidation state is +2. Copper also has oxidation states of -2, +1, +3, and +4.

10 Copper Facts

Copper occurs in pure or native form. (Jonathan Zander)
Copper occurs in pure or native form. (Jonathan Zander)
  1. Copper is one of only a few metals that exists in relatively pure form in nature or in a native state. This is how it came to be worked by ancient man. Otzi the Iceman, who lived approximately 3300 BCE, was found with an axe that had a head consisting of nearly pure copper. His hair contained high levels of arsenic, a toxic element used in copper smelting.
  2. The color of copper is unique among the elements. Most metals have are silver or gray in color. Gold and a few other metals are yellow. Only copper has a reddish-metallic luster. Adding copper to other metals imparts a pink or red color. This is how rose gold is made.
  3. Copper has many uses. The pure metal is common in wiring. Brass (copper and zinc) and bronze (copper and tin) are two important copper alloys. Copper finds use in plumbing, coins, and cookware. When added to pool water, copper salts (not chlorine) discolor hair so it has a green tinge.
  4. Copper is essential for human nutrition, particularly for making blood cells. The element occurs naturally in most water supplies and in foods, such as potatoes, beans, leafy greens, and grains. Excess copper causes jaundice and anemia and may turn urine blue.
  5. While copper is essential for humans and other vertebrates, most invertebrates have a low tolerance for its salts. Copper is also naturally antibacterial. This is why metal door knobs made of brass or bronze reduce disease transmission. Copper is also toxic to algae.
  6. Copper is recyclable. About 80% of the copper mined to date remains in circulation. The metal is abundant in the Earth’s crust, found on average at a concentration of 50 parts per million. Copper ranks third, after iron and aluminum, in terms of metal used in the United States.
  7. While the most common oxidation state for copper is +2, the +1 state occurs in many compounds. One easy way to tell the ionization state of the element is via the flame test. Copper(II) turns a flame green, while copper(I) turns it blue.
  8. Like many transition metals near it on the periodic table, copper is ductile, malleable, an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, and corrosion resistant. It is relatively soft and eventually oxidizes to form green verdigris. Oxidation is the reason many brass and bronze statues turn green with age and while wearing inexpensive jewelry often causes a green skin discoloration.
  9. Most copper comes from copper sulfide ores. Large producers include Chile, the United States, Indonesia, and Peru.
  10. The price of copper is notoriously unstable. Its 60 year low was $0.60/lb ($1.32/kg) in 1999 and $4.63/lb in 2011.

Learn more about elements on the periodic table.

References

  • Davis, Joseph R. (2001). Copper and Copper Alloys. ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-726-0.
  • Emsley, John (2003). Nature’s Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
  • Lossin, Adalbert (2001). “Copper”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. ISBN 9783527303854. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_471
  • Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.