Vanadium Facts (Atomic Number 23 or V)

Vanadium is atomic number 23 on the periodic table, with element symbol V. It is a shiny, hard transition metal, historically used to make strong steel for car bodies. These vanadium facts contain chemical and physical data along with general information and history.

Basic Vanadium Facts

Name: Vanadium

Atomic Number: 23

Element Symbol: V

Group: 5

Period: 4

Block: d

Element Family: Transition Metal

Atomic Mass: 50.9415(1)

Electron Configuration: [Ar]3d³4s²
Full: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d³4s² (full)

Discovery: Andres Manuel del Rio in 1801

Del Rio was a mineralogy professor at the Royal School of Mines in Mexico City when he discovered what he believed to be a new element in a lead containing ore. His original name for his discovery was panchromium because of the variety of colors the salts produced. He renamed the element to erythronium (Latin for red flower) since most of these salts turned red on heating. Del Rio shipped his samples to Paris for confirmation.

In 1805, French chemist Hippolyte-Victor Collet-Sescotils published his findings about Del Rio’s lead ore. He said Del Rio’s element was just impure chromium, not a new element. Del Rio accepted this analysis and withdrew his claim.

In 1830, Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström discovered a new element he named vanadium. German chemist Friedrich Wöhler showed Sefström’s vanadium was the same as Del Rio’s discovery.

Name Origin: Vanadium is named after Vanadis, the Norse name of the Scandinavian goddess of beauty, Freyja.

Isotopes:

Natural scandium is comprised of one stable isotopes ⁵¹V and one nearly stable isotope, ⁵⁰V. Twenty four artificial isotopes have been discovered ranging from ⁴⁰ to ⁶⁵.

⁵⁰V
Vanadium-50 is a radioactive isotope containing 25 neutrons. Vanadium-50 decays 83% of the time into titanium-50 by β⁺ decay and 17% into chromium-50 by β^– decay with a half-life of 1.44×10¹⁷ years. 0.25% of natural vanadium is vanadium-50.

⁵¹V
Vanadium-51 is the only stable isotope of vanadium and contains 26 neutrons. 99.75% of natural vanadium is vanadium-51.

Vanadium Physical Data

Density:  6.0  g/cm³

Melting Point: 2183 K ​(1910 °C, ​3470 °F)

Boiling Point: 3680 K ​(3407 °C, ​6165 °F)

State at 20ºC: Solid

Heat of Fusion: 21.5 kJ/mol

Heat of Vaporization: 444 kJ/mol

Molar Heat Capacity: 24.89 J/mol·K

Vanadium Atomic Data

Atomic Radius: 1.34 Å (empirical)

Covalent Radius: 1.53 Å

Van der Waals Radius:  2.07 Å

Electron Affinity: 50.655 kJ/mol

Electronegativity: 1.63

1^st Ionization Energy: 650.908 kJ/mol

2^nd Ionization Energy: 1410.423 kJ/mol

3^rd Ionization Energy: 2828.082 kJ/mol

4^th Ionization Energy: 4506.734 kJ/mol

5^th Ionization Energy: 6298.727 kJ/mol

6^th Ionization Energy: 12362.67 kJ/mol

7^th Ionization Energy: 14530.7 kJ/mol

8^th Ionization Energy: 16730.6 kJ/mol

Oxidation States: +5, +4, +3, +2  (common) +1, 0, -1 (uncommon)

Fun Vanadium Facts

• Vanadium is a medium hard, ductile, shiny, strong blue-gray metal at room temperature.
• Vanadium was originally named panchromium because of the many different colors produced by the ions of different oxidation states. The photo shows the colors of the +2, +3, +4 and +5 oxidation states.
• Pure vanadium was not produced until 1869 when English chemist, Henry Roscoe showed previous samples of vanadium were actually vanadium nitride (VN).
• Most vanadium is used to strengthen steel. Vanadium-steel alloys are used in engine parts, armor plating, axles and tools.
• Vanadium was first used extensively in the automobile industry to build the Model T Ford. Early Model T advertisements claimed vanadium steel was the toughest and most enduring steel ever manufactured and used throughout the frame of the car.
• Vanadium is found in 65 different minerals.
• Vanadium is used in nuclear reactors because of its low neutron absorbing properties.
• Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) is used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid.
• Vanadium is found in the blood cells of some marine life. These proteins are known as vanabins.
• Vanadium is an essential nutrient in very small doses, but vanadium compounds are mostly considered toxic to humans.

Learn more about elements on the periodic table.