Todd Helmenstine


About Todd Helmenstine

Todd Helmenstine is the physicist/mathematician who creates most of the images and PDF files found on sciencenotes.org. The graphics are created in Adobe Illustrator, Fireworks and Photoshop. Todd also writes many of the example problems and general news articles found on the site. Mr. Helmenstine has bachelor of art degrees in physics and mathematics from Hastings College in Hastings, Nebraska.





Full Moon Names Word Search
A full moon brings out the romantic in people. Throughout our history, we’ve given the full moon names depending on the time of year, color, or other astronomical events. This Full Moon Names word search has 30 different traditional names for the full moon. Find the different full moon names […]

Full Moon Names Word Search


Star Names Word Search
When you look at the stars, most people recognize there are a lot of them. The most common means of distinguishing one star from another is to name them. This star names word search is a great way to familiarize yourself with the names of thirty of the brightest stars […]

Star Names Word Search





disk of ice
When a substance changes its state of matter, it takes a specific amount of energy to complete the change. When the phase change is between solid and liquid, the amount of energy per unit mass is called the heat of fusion. These heat of fusion example problems will show how […]

Heat of Fusion Example Problem


Molten Glass
Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass needed to increase the temperature of a material by one degree Celsius or Kelvin. These three specific heat example problems will show how to find the specific heat of a material or other information involving the specific heat. Specific Heat […]

Specific Heat Example Problem